The effect of methanol flow rate and repeated use on amberlyst catalyst characteristics in palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) esterification reaction
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24114/jpkim.v15i2.43668Abstract
Palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) is a waste from cooking oil which is rich in free fatty acids (FFA). The high FFA content in PFAD allows PFAD to be processed into a renewable and economically valuable energy source, namely biodiesel through an esterification process using methanol with the help of an amberlyst catalyst. This study aims to see how the effect of variations in flow rates on the conversion of PFAD to biodiesel which takes place in a continuous reactor and to see the effect of repeated use of catalysts at optimum conditions on the conversion rate. The results showed that the optimum conditions were obtained with a methanol flow rate of 2 ml/minute. The flow rate of methanol above 2 ml/minute actually inhibits the reaction process. The repeated use of the catalyst reduces the availability of active sites and increases the presence of impurities and reduces the thermal stability of the catalyst at high temperatures.Keywords: Amberlist; Biodiesel; Esterification; PFADReferences
AOCS. (2017). Official methods and recommended practices of the AOCS: AOCS Te-2a-64, AOCS Cd 1b-87 Sixth Edition. USA: American Social Chemist Society.
Argyle. M.D., & Bartholomew, C.H. (2015). Heterogeneous catalyst deactivation and regeneration: A review. Catalysis, 5(1), 145-269. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal5010145
Abidin, S.Z., Haigh, K.F., & Saha, B. (2012). Esterification of free fatty acids in used cooking oil using ion-exchange resins as catalyst: An efficient pretreatment method for biodiesel feedstock. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 51(45), 14653-14664. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie3007566
Boz, N., Degirmenbasi, N., & Kalyon, D. M. (2015). Esterification and transesterification of waste cooking oil over Amberlyst 15 and modified Amberlyst 15 catalysts. Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, 165, 723-730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2014.10.079
Burmana, A.D. (2020). Effect of molar ratio of reactants and amount of catalyst on process for making biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate with vacuum conditions. Thesis. Postgraduate, University of North Sumatra: Medan.
Chongkong, S., Tongurai, C., Chetpattananondh, P., & Bunyakan, C. (2007). Biodiesel production by esterification of palm fatty acid distillate. Biomass and Bioenergy, 31(8), 774-780. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2007.03.001
Chorkendorff, I., and Niemanstverdiet, J.W. (2003). Concepts of modern catalysis and kinetics. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH GmbH & Co. KGaA.
Ciopec, M., Davidescu, C. M., Negrea, A., Lupa, L., Popa, A., Muntean, C., ... & Ilia, G. (2013). Synthesis, characterization, and adsorption behavior of aminophosphinic grafted on poly (styreneCodivinylbenzene) for divalent metal ions in aqueous solutions. Polymer Engineering & Science, 53(5), 1117-1124. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.23365
Gutch, P. K., Shrivastava, R. K., & Dubey, D. K. (2007). Polymeric decontaminant: N, Ndichloro poly (styrenecodivinyl benzene) sulfonamide”synthesis, characterization and efficacy against simulant of sulfur mustard. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 105(4), 2203-2207. https://doi.org/10.1002/app.26214
Han, Y. G., Kusunose, T., & Sekino, T. (2009). One-step reverse micelle polymerization of organic dispersible polyaniline nanoparticles. Synthetic Metals, 159(1-2), 123-131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2008.08.011
Haryono, H.E. (2019). Basic chemistry. Yogyakarta: Deepublish Publisher.
Hutagaol, N., Zahira, I., & Yelmida. (2020). Esterification of fatty acids using heterogeneous catalysts. JOM Fteknik, 7(2), 1-4.
Khan, J. A., Jamal, Y., Shahid, A., & Boulanger, B. O. N. (2016). Esterification of acetic and oleic acids within the Amberlyst 15 packed catalytic column. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 33, 582-586. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-015-0192-x
Lestari, D. E., Pujiarta, S., & Irwan. (2000). Analysis of the ability of ion exchange resin demineralization system RSG-GAS. Proceedings of PT2RR Research Results.
Melfi, D.T., Carvalho, K., Pereira, L., and Lucio, M. (2020). Supercritical CO2 as Solvent for Fatty Acids Esterification with Ethanol Catalyzes by Amberlyst 15. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids, 158(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104736
Mistry, B.D. (2009). A Handbook of spectroscopic Data. Jaipur: Oxford Book Company.
Noshadi, I., Kanjilal, B., Kamat, R., and Parnas, R. (2013). Transesterification catalyzed by superhydrophobic-oleophilic mesoporous polymeric solid acids: An efficient route for production of biodiesel. Catalysis Letters, 143, 192-797. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10562-013-1030-6
Pasaribu, A.A. and Rustamaji, H. (2012). Kinetics of free fatty acid esterification reaction from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) to methyl ester. Proceedings of SNSMAIP III-2012.
Pujiastuti, S., Indriyati and Hendrana, S. (2010). Infrared spectrum analysis on polystyrene sulfonation with heterogeneous sulfonation method. Porisiding of National Polymer Symposium IV.
Rabil, R., Shah, K.H., Fahad, M., Naeem, A., and Sherazi, T.A. (2020) Adsorption potential of macroporous amberlyst-15 for Cd (II) removal from aqueous solutions. Materials Research Express, 7, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab6e7a
Sudrajat, A., Setiawan, I., and Faisal, A. (2015). Analisa thermal gravimetric analysis bahan bakar emulsi air. Jurnal Teknik Mesin Untirta, 1. 66-70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36055/fwl.v2i1.523
Tshizanga, N. (2015). A Study of Biodiesel Production from Waste Vegetable Oil Using Eggshell Ash as A hetrogenous catalyst. Thesis. Postgraduate, Cape Peninsula University of Technology: Cape Town.
Wibowo, E. (2020). Pemanfaatan Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD) sebagai bahan baku fat replacer sorbitol-oleat poliester (SOPE). Buletin Loupe, 16(02), 7-11.
Xia, P., Liu F., Wang, C., Zuo, S., and Qi, Z. (2012). Efficient mesoporous polymer based solid acid with superior catalytic activities towards transesterification to biodiesel. Catalysis Communications. 26(5), 140-143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catcom.2012.05.009
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Dian Wardana, Eddiyanto Eddiyanto, Nurfajriani Nurfajriani, Saharman Gea
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors published in this journal agree to the following terms:
- The copyright of each article is retained by the author (s).
- The author grants the journal the first publication rights with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, allowing others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship and the initial publication in this journal.
- Authors may enter into separate additional contractual agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of published journal versions of the work (for example, posting them to institutional repositories or publishing them in a book), with acknowledgment of their initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (For example in the Institutional Repository or on their website) before and during the submission process, as this can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and larger citations of published work.
Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
.png)
