Unveiling ZrO2/natural zeolite catalytic performance on hydrocracking palm oil mill effluent residue
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24114/jpkim.v15i2.43324Abstract
Palm oil mill effluent (POME) is the largest liquid waste from crude palm oil production. This liquid waste still contains a lot of chemical components, solid deposits, and oil which is dangerous if released directly into the environment. The residual oil and grease components contained in POME can be further extracted and converted into fuel fractions. This study investigates the conversion of residual oil from POME into fuel fractions through hydrocracking. A ZrO2/Sarulla natural zeolite (SNZ) catalyst was used, characterized by a particle size of 1-1.5 µm, a surface area of 73.3 m2/g, a pore volume of 0.161 cc/g, and a pore diameter of 3.35 nm. The effect of catalyst mass was studied, with the total conversion increasing to a certain extent with increasing catalyst mass, however, an increase in coke formation decreased the product yield. The highest gasoline fraction selectivity was obtained with a catalyst mass of 0.09 wt% (~42%), while the kerosene fraction was most obtained with a catalyst mass of 0.15 wt% (~40%). The liquid product with a catalyst mass of 0.15 wt% had the highest HHV of 44.2 MJ/kg, a 12% increase from the HHV of POME oil residue (39.4 MJ/kg). The results demonstrate the potential of using residual oil from POME as a source for fuel production and the use of natural zeolite-based catalysts as hydrocracking catalysts.Keywords: Biofuel; Hydrocracking; Natural zeolite; Oil extracted; Palm oil mill effluentReferences
da Costa-Serra, J. F., Cerdá-Moreno, C., & Chica, A. (2020). Zeolite-supported Ni catalysts for CO2 methanation: Effect of zeolite structure and Si/Al ratio. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 10(15). https://doi.org/10.3390/app10155131
Davies, E., Deutz, P., & Zein, S. H. (2022). Single-step extraction“esterification process to produce biodiesel from palm oil mill effluent (POME) using microwave heating: a circular economy approach to making use of a difficult waste product. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery, 12(7), 2901“2911. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-020-00856-1
Duongbia, N., Kannari, N., Sato, K., Takarada, T., & Chaiklangmuang, S. (2022). Production of bio-based chemicals from palmitic acid by catalytic hydrotreating over low-cost Ni/LY char and limonite catalysts. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 61(4), 3105“3124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2021.08.037
Gea, S., Haryono, A., Andriayani, A., & Sihombing, J. L. (2020). The stabilization of liquid smoke through hydrodeoxygenation over nickel catalyst loaded on Sarulla natural zeolite. Applied Sciences, 10, 1“17.
Gea, S., Irvan, I., Wijaya, K., Nadia, A., Pulungan, A. N., Sihombing, J. L., & Rahayu, R. (2022). Bio-oil hydrodeoxygenation over acid activated-zeolite with different Si/Al ratio. Biofuel Research Journal, 9(2), 1630“1639. https://doi.org/10.18331/brj2022.9.2.4
Hasanudin, H., Putri, Q. U., Agustina, T. E., & Hadiah, F. (2022). Esterification of free fatty acid in palm oil mill effluent ussulfated carbon-zeolite composite catalyst. Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology, 30(1), 377“395. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.30.1.21
Hasanudin, H., & Rachmat, A. (2016). Production of biodiesel from esterification of oil recovered from palm oil mill effluent (POME) sludge using tungstated-zirconia composite catalyst. Indonesian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Chemistry, 1(2), 42“46. https://doi.org/10.24845/ijfac.v1.i2.42
Hasanudin, Said, M., Faizal, M., Dahlan, M. H., & Wijaya, K. (2012). Hydrocracking of oil residue from palm oil mill effluent to biofuel. Sustainable Environment Research, 22(6), 395“400.
Huang, C., Zhu, C., Zhang, M., Lu, Y., Wang, Q., Qian, H., Chen, J., & Fang, K. (2021). Direct Conversion of Syngas to Higher Alcohols over a CuCoAl|t-ZrO2 multifunctional catalyst. ChemCatChem, 13(13), 3184“3197. https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.202100293
Iskandar, M. J., Baharum, A., Anuar, F. H., & Othaman, R. (2018). Palm oil industry in South East Asia and the effluent treatment technology”A review. Environmental Technology and Innovation, 9(May 2017), 169“185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2017.11.003
Leela, D., Nur, S. M., Yandri, E., & Ariati, R. (2018). Performance of Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) as biodiesel source based on different ponds. E3S Web of Conferences, 67, 1“9. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186702038
Low, S. S., Bong, K. X., Mubashir, M., Cheng, C. K., Lam, M. K., Lim, J. W., Ho, Y. C., Lee, K. T., Munawaroh, H. S. H., & Show, P. L. (2021). Microalgae cultivation in palm oil mill effluent (Pome) treatment and biofuel production. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/su13063247
Mohammad, S., Baidurah, S., Kobayashi, T., Ismail, N., & Leh, C. P. (2021). Palm oil mill effluent treatment processes”A review. Processes, 9(5), 1“22. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr9050739
Muanruksa, P., Winterburn, J., & Kaewkannetra, P. (2021). Biojet Fuel Production from Waste of Palm Oil Mill Effluent through Enzymatic Hydrolysis and Decarboxylation. Catalysts, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.3390/catal11010078
Ng, K. H., Yuan, L. S., Cheng, C. K., Chen, K., & Fang, C. (2019). TiO2 and ZnO photocatalytic treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) and feasibility of renewable energy generation: A short review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 233, 209“225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.06.044
Puello-Polo, E., Arias, D., & Márquez, E. (2022). Al2O3-MgO Supported Ni, Mo, and NiMo mixed phosphidic-sulphidic phase for hydrotreating of stearic and oleic acids into green diesel. Frontiers in Chemistry, 10(May), 1“18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2022.880051
Pulungan, A. N., Kembaren, A., Nurfajriani, N., Syuhada, F. A., Sihombing, J. L., Yusuf, M., & Rahayu, R. (2021). Biodiesel production from rubber seed oil using natural zeolite supported metal oxide catalysts. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 30(6), 5681“5689. https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/135615
Semilin, V., Janaun, J., Chung, C. H., Touhami, D., Haywood, S. K., Chong, K. P., Yaser, A. Z., & Zein, S. H. (2021). Recovery of oil from palm oil mill effluent using polypropylene micro/nanofiber. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 404(PB), 124144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124144
Sihombing, J. L., Gea, S., Pulungan, A. N., Agusnar, H., Wirjosentono, B., & Hutapea, Y. A. (2018). The characterization of Sarulla natural zeolite crystal and its morphological structure. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2049. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5082467
Sihombing, J. L., Gea, S., Wirjosentono, B., Agusnar, H., Pulungan, A. N., Herlinawati, H., & Yusuf, M. (2020). Characteristic and catalytic performance of Co and Co-Mo Metal Impregnated in Sarulla Natural Zeolite Catalyst for hydrocracking of MEFA rubber seed oil into biogasoline fraction. Catalysts, 10, 121.
Sihombing, J. L., Herlinawati, H., Pulungan, A. N., Simatupang, L., Rahayu, R., & Wibowo, A. A. (2023). Effective hydrodeoxygenation bio-oil via natural zeolite supported transition metal oxide catalyst. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 16(6), 104707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104707
Sotomayor, F., Quantatec, A. P., Sotomayor, F. J., Cychosz, K. A., & Thommes, M. (2018). Characterization of micro/mesoporous materials by physisorption: Concepts and case studies. Acc. Mater. Surf. Res, 3(2), 34“50. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331260891
Wahyuni, E. T., Diantariani, N. P., Kartini, I., & Kuncaka, A. (2022). Enhancement of the photostability and visible photoactivity of ZnO photocatalyst used for reduction of Cr(VI) ions. Results in Engineering, 13, 100351. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2022.100351
Wang, C., Leng, S., Guo, H., Yu, J., Li, W., Cao, L., & Huang, J. (2019). Quantitative arrangement of Si/Al ratio of natural zeolite using acid treatment. Applied Surface Science, 498(May), 143874. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2019.143874
Žula, M., Grilc, M., & Likozar, B. (2022). Hydrocracking, hydrogenation and hydro-deoxygenation of fatty acids, esters and glycerides: Mechanisms, kinetics and transport phenomena. Chemical Engineering Journal, 444(February). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.136564
Zulqarnain, Yusoff, M. H. M., Ayoub, M., Hamza Nazir, M., Zahid, I., Ameen, M., Abbas, W., Shoparwe, N. F., & Abbas, N. (2021). Comprehensive review on biodiesel production from palm oil mill effluent. ChemBioEng Reviews, 8(5), 439“462. https://doi.org/10.1002/cben.202100007
Zulqarnain, Yusoff, M. H. M., Ayoub, M., Nazir, M. H., Sher, F., Zahid, I., & Ameen, M. (2021). Solvent extraction and performance analysis of residual palm oil for biodiesel production: Experimental and simulation study. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 9(4), 105519. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.105519
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2023 Junifa Layla Sihombing, Herlinawati Herlinawati, Ahmad Nasir Pulungan, Agus Kembaren, Gimelliya Saragih, Harmileni Harmileni, Rahayu Rahayu, Ary Anggara Wibowo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors published in this journal agree to the following terms:
- The copyright of each article is retained by the author (s).
- The author grants the journal the first publication rights with the work simultaneously licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, allowing others to share the work with an acknowledgment of authorship and the initial publication in this journal.
- Authors may enter into separate additional contractual agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of published journal versions of the work (for example, posting them to institutional repositories or publishing them in a book), with acknowledgment of their initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (For example in the Institutional Repository or on their website) before and during the submission process, as this can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and larger citations of published work.
Jurnal Pendidikan Kimia is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License
.png)
